The legal and evidential questions
Counterfeit Money and Securities. The first task is to map statutory role, authority and actual control. The statutory starting point shown on this page is Article 212 (Manufacture or sale of forged money or securities). It requires reliable authentication of the item and proof of the accused person's role and knowledge.
Preserve the notes or securities, examination and chain of custody, acquisition and transfer records, communications, surveillance and evidence bearing on knowledge of counterfeit character.
Business failure is not automatically criminal
Financial distress, a failed investment or an unpaid debt requires separation from alleged concealment, falsification or deceit. Actual control, duty, intent, records and use of funds must be established.
Questions to answer first
Map statutory role, authority and actual control
Preserve accounting, creditor and payment records
Distinguish business failure from intentional concealment or deceit
Separate company, director, adviser and third-party interests
Evidence that may matter
- Accounting and insolvency files
- Loan applications and use-of-funds records
- Card, payment and authentication data
- Securities, investor and disclosure documents
- Banking, valuation and forensic accounting material
Criminal Code articles to check
Manufacture or sale of forged money or securities
Requires reliable authentication of the item and proof of the accused person's role and knowledge.
Read full Article 212 text on this pageRead the relevant Criminal Code provisions
The panel below reproduces the available official English wording for convenient reading. Check the current Georgian text and the exact article part before relying on it, because later amendments may not yet appear in translation.
Article 212Manufacturing or sale of forged money or securities+
1. Manufacturing, purchase, storage for resale purposes or sale of forged banknotes, metal coins, securities or currency, –
shall be punished by imprisonment for a term of four to seven years.
2. The same act committed:
a) in large quantities;
b) by a person convicted for this kind of offence;
c) by a group of persons with the preliminary agreement, –
shall be punished by imprisonment for a term of seven to ten years.
3. The act provided for by paragraph 1 or 2 of this article committed by an organised group, –
shall be punished by imprisonment for a term of ten to fifteen years.
4. Illegal manufacturing, purchase, storage or transportation for resale purposes or sale of any printing form, matrix, paper, paint and other articles or substances used to produce forged banknotes, metal coins, securities or currency, –
shall be punished by imprisonment for a term of two to five years.
Note: Under this article, large quantities shall mean a forged banknote, metal coin, security or currency the quantitative indicator of which exceeds GEL 10 000.
The consolidated official source is listed in the source section at the end of this guide.
How the process may develop
Primary sources for this guide
Before acting, compare this guide with the current Georgian text and the exact document served in the case. The official English translation may not include the latest amendment.
Criminal Procedure Code of Georgia↗︎Official consolidated Criminal Code — current text & PDF↗︎Constitution of Georgia↗︎